Cardiovascular Risk Stratification: Emerging Biomarkers and Imaging Modalities
Author(s):
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating improved risk stratification strategies. Traditional risk assessment tools, such as the Framingham Risk Score and ASCVD risk estimator, have limitations in predicting individual risk accurately. Emerging biomarkers and advanced imaging modalities offer enhanced precision in identifying high-risk individuals, enabling early intervention. This review explores novel biomarkers, including inflammatory, genetic, and proteomic markers, alongside cutting-edge imaging techniques such as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring, cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA), and positron emission tomography (PET). Integrating these tools into clinical practice may refine risk prediction and personalize preventive strategies.